Military Batteries

Classifications of Military Batteries

What are the classifications of Military Batteries?

Non-rechargeable Batteries

Non-rechargeable batteries or primary military batteries are used for defense purposes because of their long shelf life, readiness, and simple construction. In situations where consistent power is required without charging, non-rechargeable batteries come in handy as they do not have voltage delays even after long storage periods. Military communication devices are powered using non-rechargeable batteries like LiSO2, Li-SOCl2, and LiMnO2. Some batteries come with a state-of-charge indicator that helps you to keep track of how long the batteries can be used for power. Li-ion batteries are widely used to replace their non-rechargeable counterparts

Rechargeable Batteries

Rechargeable or secondary military batteries have higher energy density, higher capacity, and longer cycle life than non-rechargeable batteries, making them ideal for extreme temperatures and rough military terrains. They are also cost effective as they can be recharged using an external power source. Rechargeable batteries are used during peacetime, training, garrison operations, as well as for certain combat uses as they are easily transported. Some of the popular rechargeable batteries used for military applications are Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) batteries, Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, and Lithium-ion polymer batteries. Secondary military batteries are subject to normal self-discharge, thus they incur maintenance costs. Proper maintenance procedures need to be followed depending on their application, environmental conditions, and their chemical composition.

Types of Military Batteries

What are the different types of Military Batteries available?

In the early days, alkaline and carbon-zinc batteries were used for military purposes. However, further research done on lithium based batteries to improve the power density, resulted in the invention of lithium-based batteries like the Lithium Sulfur Dioxide (LiSO2) batteries, Lithium Thionyl Chloride (Li-SOCl2) batteries, and Lithium Manganese Dioxide (LiMnO2) batteries.

Lithium Sulfur Dioxide (LiSO2) Batteries
LiSO2 batteries are widely used in military applications as they offer both high energy and power density. These primary military batteries have a long shelf life and are easy to store. They offer reliable performance in a wide temperature range. However, these batteries have to be discharged completely and disposed safely as they release poisonous and corrosive elements. Hence, the disposal of these batteries is complicated and costly.

Lithium Thionyl Chloride (Li-SOCl2) Batteries
Lithium Thionyl Chloride batteries are widely used as a power source in military applications because of their high and stable operating voltage. They also have over ten years of storage life.

Lithium Manganese Dioxide (LiMnO2) Batteries
Lithium Manganese Dioxide batteries are used as a power source for communications equipment, imaging devices, and weapons systems. They provide high energy density and long storage life. They do not have any voltage delay at start-up and are available in many standard sizes.

Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) Batteries
NiCd batteries have moderate energy density and offer long-life and a high discharge rate. They are ideal for power in extreme temperature ranges. These batteries are useful in devices like biomedical equipment, power tools, and two-way radios. They are widely used in helicopters and aircrafts. One major concern with regard to the usage of NiCd batteries is that they consist of toxic metals, which are harmful to the environment and have to be disposed of carefully.

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) Batteries
Due to technological advancements, the NiCd batteries are currently being replaced using Li-ion batteries. Li-ion military batteries offer optimal performance in extreme temperatures ranging from -51C to +75C degrees. These lightweight batteries also minimize the soldier's burden when carried to the battlefield for power. They also have an extended operational life compared to other battery chemistries.

Lithium-ion Polymer Batteries
Similar in design and construction, Lithium-ion polymer batteries are similar to Li-ion batteries. However, their cost per watt/hours is higher than Li-ion batteries. They are used in military and aerospace applications.